垫跗螋成虫对椰心叶甲的捕食功能反应

为了解垫跗螋对椰心叶甲的控制能力,在室内开展了垫跗螋成虫对不同虫态椰心叶甲的捕食功能反应.结果表明,垫跗螋可取食各虫态的椰心叶甲,嗜好性趋势为幼虫＞7日龄蛹＞2日龄蛹＞成虫,捕食量最多为每3 d 9.22头4龄幼虫.随着栖居空间的变大,垫跗螋对椰心叶甲幼虫的搜索范围变大,造成攻击致死力和捕食力下降;温度对垫跗螋的捕食能...     

土壤微生物功能多样性研究进展

土壤微生物功能多样性主要表现为土壤酶的多样性。土壤酶在土壤生态系统的物质循环和能量流动中扮演重要角色,其多样性比群落结构多样性更重要。文章主要综述土壤微生物功能多样性的研究状况,指出其不足之处,并探讨今后的研究方向。     

七星瓢虫对豆蚜的功能反应

［目的］测定七星瓢虫各虫态对豆蚜的捕食能力。［方法］将野外七星瓢虫(Coccinella septempunctata L.)采回并在室内饲养一代后,就其各龄幼虫及雌雄成虫对豆蚜(Aphis craccivora Koch)的捕食能力进行室内测定。［结果］ 七星瓢虫各龄期幼虫以及雌雄成虫对豆蚜的功能反应均属HollingⅡ型模型,1、2、3、4龄幼虫捕食反应拟合的圆盘方程分别为Na=1.121 86N/(1+0.059 92N)、Na=1.217 04N/(1+0.049 33N)、 Na=0.789 92N/〖JP2〗(1+0.008 00N)、Na=0.967 01N/(1+0.001 41N),雌、雄成虫的圆盘方程分别为Na=0.958 64N/(1+0.001 03N)、Na=0.976 20N/(1+0.001 52N),经χ2检验各虫态的捕食反应的圆盘方程理论值与实测值相符。用七星瓢虫雌成虫进行自身密度的干扰反应测定,利用Hassell模型进行拟合,所得模型方程为E=0.447 4P-0.433 7,经χ2检验雌成虫的捕食作用率实测值与理论值相符,该模型方程能很好地反映雌成虫自身密度的干扰程度。［结论］ 1～4龄幼虫、雄成虫和雌成虫对豆蚜的日最大捕食量分别为18.7、24.7、98.8、685.5、642.5、927.5头。     

大棚中百菌清等4种农药在小白菜上的降解规律研究

研究了小白菜栽培过程中,百菌清、敌敌畏、氧化乐果和抗蚜威在不同施用剂量条件下的农药降解动态规律,结果表明,不同农药在小白菜中的残留量和降解速度有较大差异。4种农药施药后在小白菜上的残留量随喷药时间的推移而减少,抗蚜威降解速度最慢,氧化乐果降解速度最快。     

海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林生理生态功能群特征

在海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林,野外测定获得3个与植物-大气相互作用直接相关的生理生态特性指标(最大净光合速率、最大气孔导度和比叶面积),应用等级聚类分析和NMS排序方法对热带山地雨林的主要植物进行功能群划分,分析热带山地雨林4个演替阶段(初期、早期、中期和后期)生理生态功能群组成及其动态规律。结果表明:海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林的87个主要植物种类可划分为8个功能群,检验结果显示功能群间存在显著差异,而功能群内同质性较高;功能群的丰富度及相对多度在不同演替阶段差异显著;功能群的丰富度在演替初期最低,演替早、中期最高,演替后期略有降低;演替初期的优势功能群光合能力强,水分利用效率低,演替早、中期的优势功能群光合能力、水分利用效率均为中等;演替后期的优势功能群光合能力偏低,水分利用效率高。     

土壤透气性及粘土颗粒比表面积与粘土颗粒粒度分布分形维数关系

采用数字显微系统测定了部分华南地区土壤中粘土颗粒粒径分布分形维数值,提出了土壤中粘土颗粒群粒度分布分形维数的几何法计算模型,并就这种分形维数与土壤比表面积和土壤透气性等性质的相互关系作了初步探讨。结果表明,采用数字显微系统测定的粘土颗粒粒径分布分形维数值介于2.2708到2.9483之间,与常规方法测定结果吻合;含砂较多的土壤样品,BET比表面积和Blaine透气时间随粒度分布分形维数值增大而减小;含粘粒较多的土壤样品,BET比表面积和Blaine透气时间同随粒度分布分形维数值增大而增大。     

中国热带地区不同作物长期轮作对土壤线虫群落结构及多样性的影响

A field experiment was carried out from 2003 to 2013 in the Wanzhong Farm of the Hainan Island, China, to determine the effects of two long-term banana rotations on the abundance and trophic groups of soil nematode communities in the island. The experiment was set out as a randomized complete block design with three replications of three treatments: banana-pineapple rotation(AB), banana-papaya rotation(BB) and banana monoculture(CK) in a conventional tillage system. Soil samples were taken at depths of 0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm, and nematodes were extracted by a modified cotton-wool filter method and identified to the genus level. Nematode ecological indices of Shannon-Weaver diversity(H′), dominance index(λ), maturity index(MI), plant parasite index(PPI), structure index(SI), enrichment index(EI), and channel index(CI) were calculated. A total of 28 nematode genera with relative abundance over 0.1% were identified, among which Tylenchus and Paratylenchus in the AB, Thonus in the BB, Tylenchus and Helicotylenchus in the CK were the dominant genera. The rotation soils favored bacterivores, fungivores and omnivores-predators with high colonizer-persister(c-p) values. Soil food web in the rotation systems was highly structured, mature and enriched as indicated by SI, MI and EI values, respectively. Higher abundance of bacterivores and lower values of CI suggested that the soil food web was dominated by a bacterial decomposition pathway in rotation soils. Nematode diversity was much higher after a decade of rotation.Soil depth had significant effects on the abundance of soil nematodes, but only on two nematode ecological indices(λ and MI).     

电生功能水和静电场处理对草莓采后生理的影响

以“星都2号”草莓果实为试材，研究电生功能水及静电场(-50 kV/m)处理对冷藏草莓(贮藏温度为0℃，相对湿度为85%～90%)果肉最大破断应力、呼吸强度、乙烯释放量及细胞膜透性变化的影响。试验结果表明：电生功能水处理明显抑制了草莓的乙烯释放，降低了草莓果实的呼吸强度，而静电场处理也一定程度地降低了果实的乙烯释放量，但对果实呼吸强度无明显的影响。二者均可保持贮藏期间草莓最大破断应力，延缓果肉细胞相对电导率的上升，从而有效地抑制采后草莓果实的衰老过程。相比较而言，电生功能水处理效果优于静电场。     

Genetic diversity of potato landraces from northwestern Argentina assessed with simple sequence repeats (SSRs)

Andean potato varieties are cultivated in the northwest of Argentina and constitute the most important staple food for the local farmers. The genetic diversity of 155 accessions conserved at the Genebank of Balcarce (INTA) was tested using four microsatellites. Three commercial potato varieties of Tuberosum group and one accession of Curtilobum group were used as outgroups. The presence of bands was scored for each microsatellite and for each accession and the data were analysed by principal coordinate analysis. The polymorphism information content was obtained for each molecular marker from banding patterns. Analysis of molecular variance was carried out with a variable number of accessions for each landrace, from different departments and sites within departments. More than one genotype was detected in the majority of the potato landraces. Some accessions within each landrace did not differentiate. AMOVA revealed that most of the genetic variation occurred among sites within departments and among local varieties. These findings are discussed considering the agricultural practices carried out in the Andean farming system.     

Soil microbial functional diversity response following nematocide and biocide amendments in a desert ecosystem

The aim of the current study was to gain a better understanding of the changes that occur in soil microbial community and in its functional diversity as a result of the use of nematocide and biocide inhibitors in natural ecosystems. Both inhibitors are known to have a great effect on the nematode community and total biota, playing an important role in soil food web and biota interactions. The experiment was set up in the Negev Desert using sixteen 1×1 m soil plots, to which two chemical inhibitors were applied: (a) a biocide, to eliminate the whole biotic community; and (b) a nematocide, to eliminate the nematode community in soil. In addition, water treatment was applied to the same soil plots, while untreated soil plots were used as control. Microbial functional diversity, together with abiotic parameters such as soil moisture and total organic carbon, was tested monthly in soil samples collected from the 0-10 and 10-20 cm soil layers. The results of the abiotic parameters showed similar patterns in the two soil layers regardless of the inhibitor treatments. An increase in soil water content followed rainfall patterns. Total organic carbon was low during the wet season and increased during the dry seasons. The Shannon-Weaver index value for microbial functional diversity was found to increase in spring after the wet season in both soil layers. In the upper soil layer, an increase was observed both in the inhibitor and water treatments. However, the increase in the water treatment lasted longer compared to the increase observed in the inhibitor-treated soil plots. In the 10-20 cm soil layer, a different pattern was observed: an increase in microbial functional diversity was observed in the inhibitor-treated soil plots, while an increase in the water-treated soil plots was seen at a later stage. Principal Component Analysis was also conducted, revealing different patterns between inhibitors and water treatments on both a temporal scale, when changes from a homogeneous to heterogeneous consumption pattern were observed, and in the nature of communities that proliferate in the soil. Differences were also observed in the microbial community between the upper 0-10 and the lower 10-20 cm soil layers, where an opposite pattern of substrate consumption was observed. This study emphasizes the important role the biotic component plays in the soil of an arid climate, studying the long-term effects of key species elimination on the microbial community in desert soil.